Part 1: PIPING FOUNDAMENTAL
Chapter 1: PIPING AND COMPONENTS OF PIPING SYSTEMS
1.1. Piping
In industry, Piping is a multi-component systems linked together, including pipe, fitting, instruments, bolts, gaskets, valves, supports ... used to convey fluids from one point to another point.Piping is divided into 3 main categories (by Size):
Large diameter pipes (Large bore pipe): usually include pipe diameter
greater than 2 inches.
Small diameter pipes (Small bore pipe): usually includes pipe with
Small glass or over 2 inches.
Tubing including pipe diameters up to 4 inches but with wall thickness
Smaller pipe two categories above and is connected with compression fittings
(Instruments).
Pipe system includes:
- Pipe
- Fittings (vd elbows, reducers, branch connections, etc.)
- Flanges, gaskets, bolting
- Valves
- Pipe Supports
- Instruments.
Piping system
1.1.1. Piping classcification
7 class follows (according to ASME): 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500.
Class of piping divided based on the pressure-temperature range of pressure weakest component.
These standards offer technical recommendations for the design of piping systems
plants and chemical energy. These include:
Piping Codes:
ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials
Specifications begin with the letter "A" is used for steel. Specifications
beginning with the letter "B" is used for non-ferrous metals (brass, bronze,
Nickel copper alloy, alloy nhom.v.v.). Specifications begin with the letter
"D" is used for the plastic material (PVC).
An ASTM specification not only demonstrates the basic chemical composition
of the material but also the process of forming the final shape of the product.
API-American Petroleum Institute
The principles, applications and standards issued by the petroleum institute
be applied to most of the oil companies in the world.
Among the many standards issued by the Institute, with standard API standards
5L is used for piping design Pipelines.
Class of piping divided based on the pressure-temperature range of pressure weakest component.
1.1.2. The standards relating to the creation codes and material specification for piping systems:
The standards relating to the creation of code for piping systems:- ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
- ANSI - American National Standardization Institute
These standards offer technical recommendations for the design of piping systems
plants and chemical energy. These include:
- The formula to calculate the thickness of the pipe.
- The formula to calculate the extra thickness that when a tube must be connected to
- a branch.
- The rules for stress analysis.
- The investigation panel allows maximum stress on the metal material is determined received under ANSI.
Piping Codes:
- ASME B31.1 - Power Piping
- ASME B31.2 - Fuel Gas .Piping
- ASME B31.3 - Process Piping
- ASME B31.4 - Liquid Piping
- ASME B31.5 - Refrigeration Piping
- ASME B31.8 - Gas Distribution and Transportation
- ASME B31.9 - Building Service Piping
- ASME B31.11 - Slurry Piping
ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials
- ASTM standards build a technical characteristics of materials used in the industry.
Specifications begin with the letter "A" is used for steel. Specifications
beginning with the letter "B" is used for non-ferrous metals (brass, bronze,
Nickel copper alloy, alloy nhom.v.v.). Specifications begin with the letter
"D" is used for the plastic material (PVC).
An ASTM specification not only demonstrates the basic chemical composition
of the material but also the process of forming the final shape of the product.
API-American Petroleum Institute
The principles, applications and standards issued by the petroleum institute
be applied to most of the oil companies in the world.
Among the many standards issued by the Institute, with standard API standards
5L is used for piping design Pipelines.
1.2. Piping components: pipe, fitting, bolts, gaskets, valves, supports…
1.2.1. Pipe
- Pipe: Tubes of circular profile of size accordance with criteria: ASME B36.10M: welded and seamless wrought steel pipe
- ASME B36.19M: Stainless steel pipe size of the pipe: Defined by the Pipe outside diameter (OD) and pipe thickness:
- Nominal pipe size (NPS): This is the nominal size of the pipe according to Inches.
- The NPS is often used:
28”, 30”, 32”, 36”, 40”, 44”, 48”52”, 56”, 60”
- The follows NPS often not used: 1 ¼ ", 2 ½", 3 ½ ", 5"
- For pipe has NPS ≤ 12 then .OD ≥ NPS
- For pipe has NPS ≥ 14 then OD = NPS
- Nominal diameter (DN): This is the nominal diameter of the pipe, but recorded in the Metric system (Metric).
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| Table pipe size follow NPS and DN |
- Pipe thickness: Defined as Scheduled (SCH) or exact the pipe wall thickness (WT - Wall thickness).
- Schedule (SCH) is denoted by a sequence of digits:
5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 20S, 30, 40, STD, 40S, 60, 80, XS, 80S, 120,140,160, XXS
STD: standard wall thickness, XS: extra, XXS: double extra
After the SCH symbol S (10S, 20S ...) indicates that pipe follow ASME B36.19M codes,
- For pipe has NPS ≤ 10, SCH 40 = STD
- For pipe has NPS ≤ 8, SCH 80 = XS
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| Table principal properties of commercial pipe |
Example: With Pipe NPS2; SCH STD will have outside diameter : 2,375 inches , wall thickness : 0154 inch